What Is the Difference of Two Sets in Set Theory

The difference of two sets, written A - B is the set of all elements of A that are not elements of B. The difference operation, along with union and intersection, is an important and fundamental set theory operation. Description of the Difference The subtraction of one number from another can be thought of in many different ways. One model to help with understanding this concept is called the takeaway model of subtraction. In this, the problem 5 - 2 3 would be demonstrated by starting with five objects, removing two of them and counting that there were three remaining. In a similar way that we find the difference between two numbers, we can find the difference of two sets. An Example We will look at an example of the set difference.   To see how the difference of two sets forms a new set, lets consider the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. To find the difference A - B of these two sets, we begin by writing all of the elements of A, and then take away every element of A that is also an element of B. Since A shares the elements 3, 4 and 5 with B, this gives us the set difference A - B {1, 2}. Order Is Important Just as the differences 4 - 7 and 7 - 4 give us different answers, we need to be careful about the order in which we compute the set difference. To use a technical term from mathematics, we would say that the set operation of difference is not commutative. What this means is that in general we cannot change the order of the difference of two sets and expect the same result. We can more precisely state that for all sets A and B, A - B is not equal to B - A. To see this, refer back to the example above. We calculated that for the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, the difference A - B {1, 2 }. To compare this to B - A, we begin with the elements of B, which are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and then remove the 3, the 4 and the 5 because these are in common with A. The result is B - A {6, 7, 8 }.   This example clearly shows us that A - B is not equal to B - A. The Complement One sort of difference is important enough to warrant its own special name and symbol. This is called the complement, and it is used for the set difference when the first set is the universal set. The complement of A is given by the expression U - A. This refers to the set of all elements in the universal set that are not elements of A. Since it is understood that the set of elements that we can choose from are taken from the universal set, we can simply say that the complement of A is the set comprised of elements that ​are not elements of A. The complement of a set is relative to the universal set that we are working with. With A {1, 2, 3} and U {1, 2 ,3, 4, 5}, the complement of A is {4, 5}. If our universal set is different, say U {-3, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3 }, then the complement of A {-3, -2, -1, 0}. Always be sure to pay attention to what universal set is being used. Notation for the Complement The word complement starts with the letter C, and so this is used in the notation. The complement of the set A is written as AC. So we can express the definition of the complement in symbols as: AC U - A. Another way that is commonly  used to denote the complement of a set involves an apostrophe, and is written as A. Other Identities Involving the Difference and Complements There are many set identities that involve the use of the difference and complement operations. Some identities combine other set operations such as the intersection and union. A few of the more important are stated below. For all sets A, and B and D we have: A - A ∅A - ∅ A∅ - A ∅A - U ∅(AC)C ADeMorgan’s Law I: (A ∠© B)C AC ∠ª BCDeMorgan’s Law II: (A ∠ª B)C AC ∠© BC

Church Shooting Fort Worth Texas - 992 Words

Church shooting: In Fort Worth Texas Lucas Nelson Ms. Sandbulte Adv.Comp 1-6-16 Lucas Nelson Ms. Sandbulte Adv.Comp 1-6-16 Church Shooting In a very tragic moment in the year 1999 It was said that a man named Larry Gene Ashbrook ran into a church and started shooting. He was carrying a 9mm, and a 380-caliber handguns and a pipe bomb. Larry killed 7people and himself after this and wounding 7 others. larry was being accused of other crimes and he was said to be very violent to his father after his mother died nine years before the shooting with all this on his shoulders it drove him mad and he wanted people to feel his pain of being alone and accused of doing things he didn t do. Larry was a very violent man guy. Larry s mother had passed away nine years before the shooting. After that Larry got more violent. Larry’s father had lived with him at the time and neighbors would see him being violent to his father. 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Concept of Effective Business Communication Process

Question: Write an essay about concept of effective business communication process. Answer: Introduction This particular assignment aims to establish the concept of effective business communication process. The purpose of this study is to represent the conceptual, practical, and strategic implications of the communication process that I have learnt from specific courses. I have attained the communication course and here I would discuss what I have learnt from these courses. In this study, I have considered only four weeks to elaborate the learning process as well the learning outcomes. Along with that, the study brings out the scope of illustrating how the course helped me to acquire new communication techniques. In this context, it is important to mention that as an individual a am extremely shy and I often face difficulties in communicating with people who are new to me. I have completed engineering in electronics and communication which helped to enhance my communication skills. My experience in learning communication skills and techniques would me manifested in the next sections of this study. Brandler Roman (2015) stated that the effective communication skills are the most important factor needed in the career platform. Effective communication process and strategies In Week 1, the foremost lecture is given about the effective business communication skills and techniques. At the very first week of the course, I came to know that professional communication is way much different from the communication process of our personal life. I was taught that all individuals need to maintain some ethics of communication process in their professional life. Honesty and truthfulness is the prime ethics that we need to maintain. Moreover, I have been taught that we need to adapt such processes or styles in our communication that it would respect the listeners. During this week the basic knowledge of the communication techniques has been discussed by the tutors. They assured that they would elaborate all the factors in the later period of the course. Several models and theories of effective communication process have been taught to us. It helped me gain primary knowledge of communication process and skills which is needed in professional career. During this week, the tutors have taught us about interpersonal communication skills which has been discussed more in the fifth week. Besides, I came to know that in a career platform I need to have knowledge of both verbal and non verbal communication and messages. I had prior knowledge about verbal communication in professional career, but I was not aware about non verbal communication process. I have learned the verbal communication process is a single channel medium, whereas, the non verbal communication is a multiple channeled process. Along with that, the tutors discussed the presence of different types of non verbal messages which we need to learn in order to improve our communication skill. However, in the later weeks, several tools and techniques have been taught to us. I would discuss those in the following sections in a sequential order. In Week 2, I have gathered knowledge about the techniques and skills involving oral presentations. During this particular course, I learned how to communicate with the audience. It has been mentioned before that I am a shy individual and thus I find difficulties in communicating with the people I am meeting for the first time. This course has helped me to deal with my fear of public speaking. In the oral presentation, the lecturers need to deliver informative speeches. This helps to make the audience understand the main theme or the topic. During this course, video clips were provided to enhance our knowledge about informative speaking. All the materials provided by the tutors helped to enhance my knowledge of public speaking skills. In this week, I came to know that oral presentation is one of the vital activities in professional life. The lecture provided in this week discussed three forms of public speaking which include impromptu presentation, extemporaneous presentations, and ve rbatim speeches. During this course time, I was able to indentify my weaknesses in public speaking. As I have a fear of speaking publicly, I need to improve in all forms of public speaking. Some tutorial activities were conducted in order to improve skills in oral presentation. Due to this learning process, I have experienced that I have been improving my communication skills and thereby reducing communication apprehension. Furthermore, I also gathered awareness about certain factors that affect the communication apprehensions of individuals. I have gathered brief knowledge about these factors so that it would help me indentify those factors that might affect my skill in professional life. I need to improve the novelty of situations and that defines that I need to deal with my fear of increasing level of uncertainty. In most of such situations, I do not know how to react or how to covey my message to others. During this week, several tutorial activities and lectures helped to overcome my communication apprehensions. The most effective strategy that was learned in this course was that individuals need to tell themselves that they can achieve success. Moreover, before giving any oral presentation I used to tell myself that I can do better. I have noticed that I can improve my oral presentation skills by focusing only on success and ignoring the fear of speaking. Still, I need to improve further as the tutors addressed that more improvement is required to create a better position in professional life. In order to do so, I need to write a speech before preparing for the presentation. Sometimes, I forget the things I need to speak in the oral presentation because of my fear of speaking. By writing the speech, I can go through it several times that would help to gain confidence and remember the contents as well. Further, it would help me organize the entire presentation. As per the tutors' gui dance, I have learned how to write speech and organize the presentation. This helped me to prepare for the final presentation. Thus, I would use this technique further in my career platform so that I would be able to deal with my fear and anxiety. Moreover, in this week, the tutors delivered the lecture on importance of evidentiary support in oral presentation. I came to know that after preparing the speech, I need to add some evidentiary support in order to improve the skill of communication during presenting the presentation. This technique helps to personalize the information and increases the weight of the presentation. In the last few days of that week, the tutors taught us about the effective process of ending the presentation. It has been noticed that the listeners or audiences fail to remember what they have heard in the entire presentation. I have been taught in the course that it is essential to help the audience keep the same interest throughout the presentation. Thus aft er completing the main speech, I can highlight the main points at the end of the presentation. Through outlining the main points, I would able to help the audience in recalling the entire discussion. During Week 4, the genres of written business communication have been taught to us. In this week, I have learnt that written business communication is different from the verbal business communication. It is essential to make the readers understand what I have written. The spoken words are noticed in the spot of delivering speech and then disappeared unless it is recorded and transcribed. On the other way, the conversation made in the written communication process remains unchanged. Thus, the tutors taught us to concentrate more on the written skills. This tangible form of communication helps us to make it clearer what we cannot do in the verbal communication process. During this particular week, I came to know about the proper format and writing style of employment letters and resumes. This the first stage of communication we make with professionals before entering in the career platform. Besides, the tutors have explained that email writing is quite different in the professional platform. During this week, I have learnt about email writing and communication skills through emails. Before the course, I was hardly able to write an email to anyone, thus I had poor knowledge about email writing. This particular course helped to gain the knowledge and improve my writing communication skill as well. During Week 5, I have learnt about interpersonal communications process which helped me in communicating with others. In this particular week, a lecture was given on recognizing the difference between the intrapersonal and interpersonal communication skill and process. I came to know that intrapersonal communication defines the process of communication that we do with ourselves. In contrast, interpersonal communication process is done with one or two other people. In order to be more specific, I gained the knowledge that the intrapersonal communication process is the internal conversation where personal thoughts, feelings and emotions are involved. However, the tutorial activities primarily focused on providing knowledge about the interpersonal skills which is also known as the dyadic communication. From the tutorial discussion, I came to know it is way much different to communicate with other people than communicate with own self. During the course, I came to know that, it is important to identify the aggressive communication process along with the types of verbally aggressive messages. From the lecture given to us, I came to know that the aggressive communication process can be both general and situational. Some people are there that carry aggressive dominant style of communication all the time, whereas, some people are there that adapt aggressive nature during certain situations only. After gathering the knowledge, I have compared it with my communication skill and have realized that aggressive behavioral nature is not present within me. The situational aggressive communication process sometimes happens when confronting some unacceptable behaviors. Thus, I need to improve my communication skill in such situations so that I would able to handle those situations in a better manner. Furthermore, nine types of verbally aggressive messages are discussed in the course that helped me to understand what I should avo id in communicating with others. Apart from this, I came to know about the passive communication process for which I am able to identify the passive communication behaviors. During this course, I came to know that I am a passive communicator as I am unable to state opinions and beliefs with much confidence. During the course, I came to know that this nature might make me face trouble in the workplace as other people would tend to take advantage of my low confidence of not doing any task. Along with the passive communication process, I have gained knowledge about the assertive communication process. Unlike the passive communication, the assertive communication process is the process of communicating with much confidence. During this course, my tutors have identified that I have a passive communication style. As per their advice, I need to adapt to the assertive communication style. Through identifying different types of socio communication styles, I have enhanced my interpersonal skills of communication. The socio communicative orientation defines the way through which we are able to know about our own communication behaviors in terms of three traits that include assertiveness, responsiveness and flexibility. In context of explaining my own communication skill, I would state that low assertive, high responsiveness and low flexibility is present in my communication style. Furthermore, I have learnt about different types of supportive and defensive communication behaviors. Through the lecture given, I came to know that I need to adapt both the supportive and defensive communication skills that would help me in my professional life. However, I need to understand which one is needed more in enhancing interpersonal skills. It has been discussed during the course that defensive communication is control oriented, whereas supportive communication is problem oriented. I have a high degree of supportive nature which I need to reduce to some extent. Along with that, I need to improve my defensive communication skills as it is the strategic nature of combination process. Conclusion By writing this assignment, I am able to tie up all my observations regarding my communication skill. After observing myself, I realized that I was an individual with a shy demeanor before attending the course and this might create barriers in my professional life. This particular course has helped me to deal with my fear and anxiety of public speaking. During the first week, I have learnt the basics about the communication process in professional life and the importance of its effectiveness. The basic concept helped me to prepare myself for acquiring further knowledge. During the second week, I have learnt about oral presentation. This was the biggest fear that I carried before attending the course. This course helped me to obtain enough confidence in preparing as well as delivering presentations. However, I need to improve more and for this I am practicing on a daily basis. In addition, the tutors taught about the ways of increasing the effectiveness of presentation. By learning al l the processes, I have enhanced my knowledge of communication skill in context of delivering speech and presentation. In the fourth week, I was taught about the written communication techniques and skills. During this week, I came to know that the written communication process is different from the verbal one. In the fifth week, I have gathered a brief knowledge about the interpersonal communication skill which has a vital role in the professional career. Along with that, I came to know about the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. The knowledge I have acquired during this course helped me to improve my communication skill. It would be beneficial in my professional life. Bibliography Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015).Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Brandler, S., Roman, C. P. (2015).Group work: Skills and strategies for effective interventions. Routledge. Brownell, J. (2015).Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge. Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Gallois, C., Giles, H. (2015). Communication accommodation theory.The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Kissane, D. W., Bylund, C. L., Banerjee, S. C., Bialer, P. A., Levin, T. T., Maloney, E. K., D'Agostino, T. A. (2012). Communication skills training for oncology professionals.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(11), 1242-1247. Knapp, M., Hall, J., Horgan, T. (2013).Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning. Leathers, D. G., Eaves, M. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge. McCroskey, J. C. (2012). 5 0 Oral Communication Apprehension: A Reconceptualization.Communication yearbook,6(6), 136. Moore, K. D. (2014).Effective instructional strategies: From theory to practice. Sage Publications. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Samovar, L., Porter, R., McDaniel, E., Roy, C. (2014).Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Weeks, G. R., Fife, S. T. (2014).Couples in treatment: Techniques and approaches for effective practice. Routledge. Wenger, E. (2014).Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann. Williams, A., Nussbaum, J. F. (2013).Intergenerational communication across the life span. Routledge. Yule, G. (2013).Referential communication tasks. Routledge.

Activity Based Costing System Essay Sample free essay sample

Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is a methodological analysis for more exactly apportioning overhead to those points that really use it. ABC works best in complex environments. where there are many machines and merchandises. and tangled procedures that are non easy to screen out. Problems with Activity Based Costing Many companies initiate ABC undertakings with the best of purposes. merely to see a really high proportion of the undertakings either fail. or finally lapse into neglect. There are several grounds for these issues. which are: Cost pool volume. The advantage of an ABC system is the high quality of information that it produces. but this comes at the cost of utilizing a big figure of cost pools – and the more cost pools there are. the greater the cost of pull offing the system. To cut down this cost. run an on-going analysis of the cost to keep each cost pool. in comparing to the public-service corporation of the ensuing information. We will write a custom essay sample on Activity Based Costing System Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Making so should maintain the figure of cost pools down to manageable proportions. Installation clip. ABC systems are notoriously hard to put in. with multi-year installings being the norm when a company attempts to put in it across all merchandise lines and installations. For such comprehensive installings. it is hard to keep a high degree of direction and budgetary support as the months roll by without installing being completed. Success rates are much higher for smaller. more targeted ABC installings. Multi-department information beginnings. An ABC system may necessitate informations input from multiple sections. and each of those sections may hold greater precedences than the ABC system. Therefore. the larger the figure of sections involved in the system. the greater the hazard that information inputs will neglect over clip. This job can be avoided by planing the system to merely necessitate information from the most supportive directors. Project footing. Many ABC undertakings are authorized on a undertaking footing. so that information is merely gathered one time ; the information is utile for a company’s current operational state of affairs. and it bit by bit declines in utility as the operational construction bit by bit changes over clip. Management may non authorise support for extra ABC undertakings subsequently on. so ABC tends to be â€Å"done† one time and so discarded. To extenuate this issue. construct as much of the ABC informations aggregation construction into the bing accounting system. so that the cost of these undertakings is reduced ; at a lower cost. it is more likely that extra ABC undertakings will be authorized in the hereafter. Coverage of fresh clip. When a company asks its employees to describe on the clip spent on assorted activities. they have a strong inclination to do certain that the reported sums equal 100 % of their clip. However. there is a big sum of slack clip in anyoneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s work twenty-four hours that may affect interruptions. administrative meetings. playing games on the Internet. and so forth. Employees normally mask these activities by allocating more clip to other activities. These hyperbolic Numberss represent misallocations of costs in the ABC system. sometimes by rather significant sums. Separate informations set. An ABC system seldom can be constructed to draw all of the information it needs straight from the general leger. Alternatively. it requires a separate database that pulls in information from several beginnings. merely one of which is bing general leger histories. It can be rather hard to keep this excess database. since it calls for important excess staff clip for which there may non be an equal budget. The best work-around is to plan the system to necessitate the minimal sum of extra information other than that which is already available in the general leger. Targeted use. The benefits of ABC are most evident when cost accounting information is hard to spot. due to the presence of multiple merchandise lines. machines being used for the production of many merchandises. legion machine apparatuss. and so forth – in other words. in complex production environments. If a company does non run in such an environment. so it may pass a great trade of money on an ABC installing. merely to happen that the ensuing information is non excessively valuable. The wide scope of issues noted here should do it clear that ABC tends to follow a rough way in many organisations. with a inclination for its utility to worsen over clip. Of the job extenuation suggestions noted here. the cardinal point is to build a extremely targeted ABC system that produces the most critical information at a sensible cost. If that system takes root in your company. so see a gradual enlargement. during which you merely spread out farther if there is a clear and incontrovertible benefit in making so. The worst thing you can make is to put in a big and comprehensive ABC system. since it is expensive. meets with the most opposition. and is the most likely to neglect over the long term.